Calcium Oxalate Citrate Kidney Stones

Calcium Oxalate stones formed in:

• Hypercalcemia (PTHyroidism)
• Hyperoxaluria (MALABSORPTION, Low Calcium Diet)
• HYPO CITRITURIA (Distal RTA)

Normal: Citrate excreted –> binds Ca in tubules –> prevent formation of Ca-oxalate complexes (insoluble).

Hypocitrituria –> less Citrate to bind Ca in tubules –> High Ca-Oxalate comples –> Stones!

Rx: Reduce sodium, animal protein

• Thiazide diuretics